This is a picture of President Lincoln sitting with the press discussing the Emancipation Proclamation. The press didn't support the emancipation proclamation, but Lincoln's position was to deny the press any say.


This is a picture of a slave trading post. Lincoln wanted to make slave trading or having slaves illegal.



This is a picture the Emancipation Proclamation and this is what pushed the nation further into war. The south didn't want to follow it, the north didn't want slaves and it resulted in war anyway.

KKK

Many KKK members would threaten people by burning a cross in their front yard.

The KKK was started by confederate veterans, and many of the Klan members were on the confederate side during the war.
This is an example of the uniform which the Klan members would wear. 

The KKK also promoted the Jim Crow Laws, and threatened or lynched anybody who disobeyed them.
This is the KKK symbol. They wore it on their uniforms, as you can see in picture #3.

     The first Ku Klux Klan was created in 1866 by six well-educated, middle class confederate veterans from Pulaski, Tennessee.  It was created to intimidate thieves, Native Americans, freed blacks, and anyone who tried to help these people.  It is said that some Negroes believed that its members, in their white uniforms, were confederate ghosts.

     The KKK supported white supremacy, anti-Semitism*, anti-Catholicism, racism, homophobia, anti-communism and nativism*.  The Klan quickly turned toward violence.  One of the most common forms of violence was lynching.  Lynching is when a gang of people get together and hang a person, generally from a tree.  The KKK began to decline in 1868 and was abolished in 1871 by the civil rights act.  Some people believe that the term "Ku Klux Klan" comes from the Greed work "Kyklos" combined with "clan".

     The Ku Klux Klan was re-created in 1915 due to a movie titled "Birth of a Nation".  In the movie, it depicts the KKK as glorious, brave and heroic.

     Another thing that spurred the re-creation of the Klan was the lynching of a Jewish man named Leo Frank.  Mr. Frank was accused of raping and murdering a young white girl named Mary Phagan.  He was sentenced to life in prison, but before he could be taken to the jail he was kidnapped.  His captors called themselves the Knights of Mary Phagan.  They lynched him, and that was the end of that.

     The new KKK was created in 1915.  Its founder was named William Joseph Simmons.  The new Klan grew much more quickly than the first.  At its peak, Klan membership exceeded four million people.  Because the Klan had so many more members, it also had much more influence.  It even somehow managed to torch a black school in Rhode Island.  Many, many people were killed.  The KKK would take weapons from the African Americans.  The Klan dissolved in 1944 because the government began to put the Klan members into prison for lynching and raids.

     Since then, there have been many smaller KKK groups.  In fact, there are several still going on today.  If you look up KKK on Google, the first site you find is for a modern day KKK.  some of the current groups are: Bayou Knights of the Ku Klux Klan, Knights of the White Kamelia, Church of the American Knights of the KKK, Imperial Klans of the Ku Klux Klan, and Knights of the Ku Klux Klan.

*Nativism:  Opposition to immigration and immigrants

*Anti-Semitism:  Hostility towards people of the Jewish religion

Kate Shober, Frank's design team

political parties

Abraham Lincoln was the first Republican to take office. His views followed exactly what they were in the 19th centry.

The Libertarian party. The Libertarian party was founded on December 11, 1971. This party is one of the largest growing third-parties in the U.S. They think the Democratic and Republican parties have strayed to far from what they view as libertarian principles. The party believes in strong civil liberties such as freedom of speech and freedom of association.

The Democratic party is the oldest party in America. This party was founded by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, and can be traced back to the Democratic-Republican party in 1792. The party opposed the Federalists. They became their own party again with the separation from the Republicans in the election of 1912. The party believed in strict constitutional adherence and opposed wealthy, moneyed interests.

The Republican party. The party was founded in 1854 by anti-slavery expansionists. They believed in higher education, banking, railroads, and industry. They also supported protesters for Prohibition. During the civil war and the first civil rights movement this party played the biggest role in what got accomplished.

Zachary Taylor and Millard Fillmore. Two of the biggest influences on the Whig party. Whigs supported the supremacy of Congress over the Executive Branch and favored a program of modernization and economic protectionism. The party was formed in opposition of Andrew Jackson and the Democrats.

irish immigration

Irish did continue to come to the U.S., and tended to settle in existing Irish , where Catholic Churches had been built, and Irish traditions were not ignored. Events/days such as St. Patrick's Day were regarded by Americans as proof of the difference of the Irish, but also helped hold the Irish together in a place that was foreign to them. Besides the church, the most important 'media' of the new Irish culture were the news(the daily paper) and acting. All Irish newspapers tended to have either a cultural(not there own culture, but others) or a religious base, some drawing support from other american-like societies. Their newspapers took other news, printed popular poems and stories and utament interpreted the american soceity into their own. The stage was more inviting to some irish because it did not involve much literacy, presenting dramas as real as life was, but not as hurtful and/or complicated.

-Peter

Deborahs class

Irish Immagration

The Irish potato famine started in the summer of 1845. A disease spread to the potatoes and made them not edible. The disease was a fungus. It made the potatoes slimy, decayed, blackish, and rotten.

The Irish diet mostly consisted of potatoes. They ate about 8-14 pounds of potatoes a day. Without the potatoes they had nothing else to eat.




This disease killed off 750,000 people and another 2 million people moved to Britain, Canada and America. One-fourth of the Irish population moved or died.



The British government tried to come up with a substitute for potatoes. They came up with corn from another county and that didn't work out so well. It didn't fill them up or didn't give them the nutrition they needed. From just eating corn they got Cholera, Dysentery, Scurvy, and Typhus.



When the Irish moved to America they landed in New York. They were discriminated against and not wanted. They lived in bad conditions and the places they lived were called "Irish Town" or "Shanty Town." About 80% of Irish infants born in New York died.








They mainly worked as police officers, coal miners, and constuction workers. The women became servants or domestic workers.

irish immigration

Above: Irish arriving. Notice THESE irish actaully had baskets and 'luggage' (if you would call it that) whixh was exceeding rare. Compared to the rest, these irish were rich.

Immigrating to the U.S. wasn't a pefect solution for the irish immigrants. Peasants arrived with nothing. of them ever gathered enough money and food to make any thought about their way of life. Luckily for them, the expansion of the U.S. created large demand for muscle work. The great canals, which were the first links in the national transportation system were still being dug in the 1820s and 1830s, and in the time between 1830 and 1880, thousands of miles of rail were being laid. The Irish laborers were most of what the construction gangs percisted of that did this grueling work. In towns along where they worked, groups of Irish formed small towns/villages to reside in. But this is just the beginning of whatt the irish did.

-Peter

deborahs class

irish immigration

In the 1840s(and earlier,) potato were very important to the econmomy of ireland, because they were a very promimnent food source. also, most of the irish population before 1839 were poor, and almost all the poor were farmers. this is why the 'Potato famine (sounds so silly compared to how much of a hige impact it was)' was such a big deal.

In 1841 the population of Ireland was 8.5 million people. By 1850, at least one million died in terrible conditions. Near another million immigrated as refugees. Ireland’s 1845 Potato Blight is often given credit for ‘sending’ a wave of Irish immigrants to America. The fungus that destroyed potato crops created a devastating famine. Starvation spread through Ireland, and over five years, a million Irish were dead while half a million had arrived in America to start a new life.


-peter
deborahs class

Child Labor

Child Labor was happening through out this time and had children ages 5-17 working 12-14 hour days everyday of the week. in the North they had children working in dangerous factories and in the South they had the children working on farms.

This is a picture of a boy in the south who is working long hours with the sun over head working everyday with the violence and horror of child labor.

Mainly they had boy child laborers but the often did have girls. These boys were working in the North in a factory where they get very low wages, long hours, no injury compensation or even a lunch break.

The north seemed to have more child laborers to work in factories (like in this picture), so the factories in the North had more labor workers.

This is a picture of Lewis W. Hine, he was a child laborer in the south, he worked 12 hour days everyday with no form of lunch break or anything.

Worker's Rights

The main types of factories that woman worked in were textile (a type of cloth or woven fabric) and garment factories, such as the picture above. The pay was very low, and the working environments were very dangerous with all of the machinery around.

The good jobs back then where blacksmiths, shoemakers, furniture makers, printer, teachers, and ministers. Men were usually the ones that worked at these kinds of jobs. Women and children usually worked in the factory. They were usually higher to work there because they worked for lower wages.

When woman worked at factories or one another job, it usually meant they were a failure, by not having a husband, and having to actually work. Another way the woman was a failure was if they were working and married, then that also meant the husband wasn't very good and wasn't able to provide money for the family.

Sherman's March To The Sea

This is a picture of sherman and his generals. Whay sherman did in the civil war is much like what is happening today. In iraq peoples homes are being torn down because of bombs. They are suffering much like the people in georgia. In Atlanta young people were taking there own guns and shooting at shermans men. This is also happening in iraq where we see kids with machine guns. These kids who are around the age 10 minds are so crazy because it is wrong for kids that age to shoot at people and see the deaths of so many me and women that are also in there family. (This is how shermans march is related to today)

Above is a picture of sheman's head quarters in Savannah Georgia. In Savannah the government told every citizen and negro that everyone can fight like a soldier if you have an axe or a gun you can work like a soldier STAY FIRM! It did not work the government even tried to have all the people fled they said to burn everything you could not carry and to burn all the bridges, block up all sherman's routes.

Above is a picture of sherman and his men. They have just burned down a rail road station on there way to Atlanta. Sherman and his men headed for Atlanta. They ripped up 300 miles of railroad along the way. Sherman also destroyed anything in his way. Though sherman was out to destroy he captured 5,000 horses, 4,000 mules, and 13,000 pounds of cattle. After capturing Atlanta sherman had gotten 150 guns and ammunition as well 25,000 bales of cotton. As sherman march destroyed Atlanta he went through many plantations where he let all of the slaves free. Most of the slaves had know where to go so they separated there owners land amongst themselves.

By Levi Dorr and Nathan Edwards (Deborah's Design team)

Sherman's March To The Sea

Here is a Photograph of William Sherman

This is The Savannah Campaign's Trail.

In this photograph of Sherman's map it shows his trail to the sea.  Although commonly known as this, the official name of this event was called 'The Savannah Campaign'.  Maj.  Gen. Grant and Maj. Gen. Sherman worked together to plan how Grant would defeat Robert E. Lee and the Confederate army.  Grant and Sherman believed the war would end if the Confederacy's strategic, economic and phsycological capacity for warfare were broken.  Sherman applied the principle of 'Scorched Earth', he ordered troops to burn crops, kill livestock, consume supplies and destroy civilian infrastructure so the city would be unable to rebuild itself.  The second reason was to put more pressure on Lee's rear while Grant and Lee were at stalemate, it kept southern forces away from Virginia so they were unable to help Lee.  The campaign was meant to relate to Grant's Vicksburg campaign, in that Sherman would reduce need to "live off the land".

The Savannah campaign began November 15, 1864 leaving the captured city of Atlanta, Georgia and ended at port of Savannah December 22, 1864.  A two month campaign.  As you can see in the map above Sherman split his army in two.  The right wing was called "The army of Tennessee" commanded by General Oliver O. Howard, the left wing was called "Army of Georgia" that was commanded by General Henry W. Slocum.  The journey had them march 300 miles.  Sherman's personal escort during the march was "The First Alabama Calvary Regiment" made of all southerners loyal to the Union.  After detaching the army in two Sherman had 62,000 men.  As they went they would destroy railroads as well,  they would superheat them and then wrap them around trees, they were known as Sherman's neckties.  

 As they went slaves would leave their plantations and join up with Sherman's army, by the end 10,000 slaves had joined the march.  Sherman had estimated that he had  done $100,000,000 dollars worth of damage to the south after the campaign.  During the event the army seized 5,000 horses, 4,000 mules and 13,000 head of cattle.  They also confiscated 9.5 million pounds of corn and 10.5 million pounds of fodder.  Sherman's march reached  Savannah Dec. 10 but found 10,000 Confederacy troops stationed.  On Dec. 13 part of the right wing stormed the fort known as "The battle of Fort Mcallister".  They captured the fort within 15 minutes.  Sherman offered to spare the city if they surrendered.  Instead Hardee and the rest of the Confederates escaped on December 20 across the river.  The next day R.D Arnold formally surrendered to Sherman.

Here is Major General  William Tecumseh Sherman's order for his March to the sea:

"... IV. The army will forage liberally on the country during the march. To this end, each brigade commander will organize a good and sufficient foraging party, under the command of one or more discreet officers, who will gather, near the route traveled, corn or forage of any kind, meat of any kind, vegetables, corn-meal, or whatever is needed by the command, aiming at all times to keep in the wagons at least ten day's provisions for the command and three days' forage. Soldiers must not enter the dwellings of the inhabitants, or commit any trespass, but during a halt or a camp they may be permitted to gather turnips, potatoes, and other vegetables, and to drive in stock of their camp. To regular foraging parties must be instructed the gathering of provisions and forage at any distance from the road traveled.
V. To army corps commanders alone is entrusted the power to destroy mills, houses, cotton-gins, &c., and for them this general principle is laid down: In districts and neighborhoods where the army is unmolested no destruction of such property should be permitted; but should guerrillas or bushwhackers molest our march, or should the inhabitants burn bridges, obstruct roads, or otherwise manifest local hostility, then army commanders should order and enforce a devastation more or less relentless according to the measure of such hostility.
VI. As for horses, mules, wagons, &c., belonging to the inhabitants, the cavalry and artillery may appropriate freely and without limit, discriminating, however, between the rich, who are usually hostile, and the poor or industrious, usually neutral or friendly. Foraging parties may also take mules or horses to replace the jaded animals of their trains, or to serve as pack-mules for the regiments or brigades. In all foraging, of whatever kind, the parties engaged will refrain from abusive or threatening language, and may, where the officer in command thinks proper, give written certificates of the facts, but no receipts, and they will endeavor to leave with each family a reasonable portion for their maintenance.
VII. Negroes who are able-bodied and can be of service to the several columns may be taken along, but each army commander will bear in mind that the question of supplies is a very important one and that his first duty is to see to them who bear arms. ...
– William T. Sherman, Military Division of the Mississippi Special Field Order 120, November 9, 1864."

By Nathan Edwards and Levi Dorr (Deborah's Design team)

DWF

Ulysses S. Grant

To the left is a picture of the sword he hung from his belt. On the embelem above the two rings, are his initials.

to the left, this is Ulysses Grant as President. He was the 18th President. He 

was president through years 1869-1877. He 

represented illinois and was a republican, although now days, he would be consider

ed a democrat.

below, is Lieutenant General Ulysses Simpson Grant. This picture was taken after the capture of Fort Donelson. This was one of his younger photos

Left: This is a sketch drawing of West Point Military Academy. Hiram Grant attended there having no intention of being enrolled in the military. He wanted to be a teacher at West Point.

    Before enrolling in the military, Grants real name was Hiram Ulysses Grant. Not liking the fact that his initials spelled "hug" he changed his name to Ulysses S. Grant.

                         

   In the picture to the left,General Grant is tipping 

his hat to his 

troops at the battle of cold harbor.

                                     

                                                                                     

The Scarlett Letter

Jenn and Paige

Hester and her baby were treated badly in the story because Hester refused to give up the name of the man she had an affair with. Hester's husband was away on business when the affair happened, and Hester's daughter Pearl wasn't treated the same because she was a child born out of adultery and out of wed-lock.
In 1850 out of wed-lock children weren't common and neither was adultery. So back then it was treated as more of a crime and it was treated much more differently than it is today. Back then it was a touchy subject and usually didn't happen like it does today.

This is Nathaniel Hawthorne,the author of the Scarlet Letter.
Hawthorne was born on July 4th,1804 and died on May 19th, 1864.
He was one of the many American novelists of the 19th century.
Nathaniel was a main developer of American literature.
A few years after he graduated from Bowdoin College,
he changed his name from Hathorne to Hawthorne.


The Scarlet letter was made into a movie in october of 1995, starring Demi moore as the main character, Hester, and Robert Duvall as the man she committed adultery with.
It was set in New England.



This is a cover for the Scarlet Letter.
It was published in 1850, and is now taught in the high school curriculum.
The book is still used today in some high schools.




This is a picture of the Salem Custom-House were Nathaniel Hawthorne Worked.
Today he is known for his many short stories. Hawthorne, called them "tales".
He wrote four romance novels between 1850 and 1860.
Nathaniel Hawthorne wanted to be different and, people of that time
considered romance to be radical.
Most of his "tales" are set in New England, where he grew up and lived.
Hawthorne based parts of his stories on articles he read from the daily newspaper.



When Hester, the main character from The Scarlet Letter,
and her child were sent to jail the police stamped their heads
with a capital "A".
The A stands for adultery.
In 1850 adultery was an extremely risque subject.
This book addresses spiritual and moral issues.

Causes of the Civil War

At Left is a map of the United States of America. As you can see, the dark red states are slave states/territory's. The green areas are free states/ territory's. The yellow states/territory's are open to slavery via popular sovereignty (A.K.A. if people want slavery, then they get it, if they don't then there free.) The Light red territory's however, are Kansas and Nebraska. They are both open to slavery by popular sovereignty because of the Kansas-Nebraska act of 1854. The Kansas-Nebraska act of 1854 repealed the Missuri Compromise, which said there would be no slavery above the parallel 36° 30' except within the boundaries of the proposed state of Missouri. The Kansas-Nebraska allowed Kansas and Nebraska to choose whether they would be slave or free states by popular sovereignty.
Pro and Anti-slavery groups immediately settled in Kansas to try and swing the first election. There were frequent conflicts, one of which was when John Brown and his sons murdered five pro-slavery settlers with a broadsword. These acts of violence only served to widen the divide between the north and south, as well as the Pro and the Anti-slavery groups.Above is a painting made of John Brown. He is in the middle of the conflict, because he sparked huge amounts of violence in "Bleeding Kansas" and because he and his actions were key in starting the Civil War.

Do you know which president caused the secession of seven states before he was even sworn into office? The answer, if you didn't guess, is Abraham Lincoln. After the 1860 election results were in, South Carolina seceded. Within forty days, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas followed suit. After Lincoln's first inauguration (bellow), Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina seceded. These eleven states eventually formed the Confederate States of America.


The Kansas Nebraska act was the opening of the Kansas and the Nebraska territories for settlement. They both were undecided in whether there were going to be pro or against slavery. Nebraska was easily decided to be a slave state, but Kansas was not, there were settlers coming from all around to change Kansas to either slaves or no-slaves there was a battle to sway the state this was called Bleeding Kansas. As the picture to the left shows there was much violence and killing, this, along with The Northwest Ordinance, The Missouri Compromise, The Nullification Crisis, The Wilmont Proviso, The Compromise of 1850, The Kansas Nebraska act, The Dred Scott Decision, The Lincoln-Douglas Debates, and John Browns Raid were all essential in sparking the Civil War. The following pictures are scenes from some of the previously mentioned events.
The Lincoln-Douglas debates (drawing)
The Nullification C
risis (drawing)












a map of The Missouri compromise