Science in the 1800's by Claires C. and S.

This machine was designed to test electrostatic toys.
Josiah Willard Gibbs’s work in Thermodynamics helped to launch the area of Physical Chemistry.

Albert Michelson invented the interferometer, which he intended to help him disprove the existence of luminiferous ether. He did disprove its existence, but not until 1923, and not using his interferometer.
William Beaumont was a surgeon famous for his published work, Experiments and Observations on the Gastric Juice and the Physiology of Digestion, which is considered by many to be the first complete study of digestion.
Asaph Hall was an Astronomer. He discovered two moons of Mars, Phobos, meaning fear, and Deimos, meaning terror.

Slave Narratives

Fredrick Douglass

Fredrick Douglass was a slave in. He escaped to freedom on September 3, 1836. After he escaped he became an Abolishonist. He gave lots of speeches at Massachusitts anti- slavery society. He also wrote books. His first autobiography was Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave. Fredrick Douglass was also the first black man to be invited into the white house to see the president.

Sojourner Truth

She was born into slavery around 1797. She was one of 3 children. She was bought and resold 4 times. John Dumont, her fourth master forced her to marry and older slave. They had 5 children named Diana, Elizabeth, Hannah, Peter and Sophia. After the emancipation was signed she escaped with infant Sophia. She didn't take her other children because they had to be a slave until their twenties.

When she got to freedom she became an abolitionist. She gave lots of speeches and published books. Her first book was published privately in 1850 by William Lloyd Garrison. It was called A Narrative of Sojourner Truth: A Northern Slave. Her most famous speech was Ain't I A Woman. She delivered it in May 1851 at Ohio Woman's Rights Convention.

Solomon Bayley

No one knows when he was born or died because it wasn't recorded. In 1825 he wrote his autobiography called 'A Narrative of Some' Remarkable Incidents in the Life of Solomon Bayley. Some of his writing tell the story of how he escaped and reunited with his wife. His master recaptured him and he was taken back. Solomon eventually was able to buy his way out of slavery. Shortly after he bought and freed his wife and children.


George Washington Carver wrote and documented many things about his life. He kept a diary as well and wrote in it frequently. He also wrote about all his inventions for peanuts which made him famous. I think everybody should think of him whenever they eat peanut butter. What many people don't know about him is that he was also a teacher and helped greatly in the extension of black schools. He also published more than 44 Tuskegee Station bulletins! George washington Carver is a great example of what a black people could accomplish in the 1800's (under the wright circumstances of course.)
Slave narratives were like a time capsule for that era... Without them we probably wouldn't have near the amount of knowledge about slavery in America. In fact we probably wouldn't even know people like Soujurn Truth and very very little about Fredrick Douglas. It's not just us that would have no idea what being a slave at that time was like. Slave owners would be clueless as well. Which means that without slave narratives to inform people, the civil war could have played out much more differently.

The Civil Rights Act of 1875 By Georgia and Claire C.

The Civil Rights Act of 1875 was found unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in 1883, but the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (the above picture) covers the same issue.

Charles Sumner was one of

the people who helped to inspire

the Civil Rights Act of 1875,
even thoght it wasn't passed until
after his death

Ulysses S. Grant was president when the Civil Rights act of 1875 was passed.

These are the pictures of the 16 African Americans who served in congress when the Civil rights act of 1875 was passed. Many of them gave speeches about the Civil Rights Act of 1875.

John Roy Lynch (born September 10, 1847; died November 2, 1939) was one of the first African American members of the House of representatives.

Photography during the civil war

The american civil war (1861-1865) was the third war in history to be caught on camera. Photography profoundly changed the way wars were covered and viewed. Scenes of soliders dying and fighting were captured by men like George Barnard and Mathew Brady. After photographs were printed in newspapers, people who were not fighting in the war, became concerned about the war. Some began to wonder why the war had to start, why the fighting was as violent as it was, and perhaps the war shouldn't of started.



During the war, dozens of photographers, both as private individuals and as employees of the confederate and union goverments, photographed civilians and civilian activites. They captured photographs of soliders in their camps, playing cards, talking with each other, holding their weapons and as they fought on the battlefields. It was very dangerous for photographers to capture pictures of the war.







This photograph shows a group of union Civil War soldiers next to an artillery piece. The picture was taken in 1862 near Fair Oaks, Virgina. These men look very proud to be having their picture taken.

This photograph shows soliders at rest, after drill. The soldiers are seated, reading letters and papers and playing cards.

This is another photograph of a camp, with horses and wagons.

Most of the photographers used daguerreotype to take pictures. The daguerreotype was an early type of photograph. In which the image was exposed directly onto a mirror-polished surface of silver. Daguerreotype eventually became popular and by the 1850's, seventy studios were open.

This is a photograph of Abraham Lincoln, and this is a example of daguerreotype.

Mathew Brady, who documented the American Civil War, was probably one of the greatest photographer back then. Brady was a son of irish immigrants, whom can be viewed as the father of photojournalism. In 1861, Brady turned his attention to photographing the civil war. To document the war, he organized his own corps of about 300 photographers who were placed in various areas. They had to follow and photograph the soliders in the fields. Brady got permission from Lincoln to follow the troops in what was expected to be a short and glorious war. It has been estimated that Brady took more than 3,500 photographs during the war years. Not realized by most, Brady was secretly almost blind.

This is a photograph of Mathew Brady.

These two pictures were taken by Mathew Brady. Some people thought that the pictures he took, such as these two, looked too real, and had too much detail in them. In 1862, the New York Times, commented on the display of pictures taken at Antietam: "Mr. Brady has done something to bring home to us the terrible reality and earnestness of war. If he has not brought bodies and laid them in our door-yards and along the streets, he has done something very like it...."These pictures have a terrible distinctness. By the aid of the magnifying-glass, the very features of the slain may be distinguished. We would scarcely choose to be in the gallery, when one of the women bending over them should recognise a husband, son, or a brother in the still, lifeless lines of bodies, that lie ready for the gaping trenches." In other words, they thought that if people looked at photographs like these two, they would see horrifying scenes and they might find a loved one.

This photograph was taken in 1862 near Savage Station, Virginia. The picture has a nice view of a Civil War camp, including supply wagons. Photography was still in its infancy, and taking a single picture was a very complex process. This picture was taken by George Barnard, who was working for Mathew Brady.

Photographers would travel by horse and wagon to different locations. This picture shows the wagons and camera of Sam A. Cooley, Department of the South.

If it were not for these early pioneers of photography, our concept of the 19th century history would have been quite different.

Dear Frank,

For some odd reason, my artist statement is not copying over to the blog page.  If you could just read it off the actual hard-copy page, that would be great!

Sorry for the inconvenience, 

Ellie







-Dani G. and Ellie
(Frank's design team)

Industrialism

Industrialism the 1800s started mainly around the 1850s, and progressed into the early 1900s, from there it slowed down a bit and merged into other areas. It began with the Cotton Gin (A machine that could separate cotton from it's seed), and slowed a bit after people calmed down about the excitement of Automobiles. As we all know industrialism didn't stop there and is still working it's magic through present time technology; that was however the fastest advance humans have made through time.
Industrialism is largely responsible for the big cities we see today such as New York City, Pittsburg and Lowell most in the North East of the U.S. Where the rich people moved their factories, poor factory workers were sure to fallow populating the cities and soon making the living conditions crowded and unsanitary. Entire areas were designated to the rich so they would not have to mingle with the very people that worked 14 hours a day to provide those same rich people with the comforts that gave them the upper-hand in this weird social world.




Andrew Carnegie, one of richest men in the world at that time, owned a large steel company. In his later life he donated much of his money to help fund libraries, schools, and Universities. By the 1890s his company was the largest and most profitable enterprise in the world. He was a Scottish immigrant and the son a weaver, although his family was impoverished he grew up in a cultured and political home. “A self-made man”




John D. Rockefeller was on par with the Carnegies in wealth and social status, who owned an oil company stationed in Cleveland, Ohio. When he retired he gave 10% of his money to charity. After many years Rockefeller soon owned many companies across the U.S. but mostly the North-East. Born in 1839 and died in 1937 (almost 100 years!).




Henry Ford the man who created Ford automobiles was born in1863 and died 1947 (a little out side the time frame however I feel he is a large part of Industrialism) The one who started assembly lines, the idea that one person doesn’t build the whole car, but is responsible for making or doing the same thing on or to every car so that production can be sped up.




William Jennings Bryan, 3 times presidential candidate, a democrat who fought against imperialism in 1896. (Again a little out of the time period). Born in Jacksonville and graduated with honors at the Illinois College.









These are some photos taken by Jacob Riis and Lewis Hine, both famous for their photographs in the late 1800’s of labor, poor living conditions, and poverty. On the top you see a young boy standing in a dark mine with a mining light on his head, (Lewis Hine). The next one is very famous picture of a young girl standing in a dirty looking factory in clothes that don’t fit, (Lewis Hine). The last is a good example of the living conditions in around 1880, (Jacob Riis).

California Gold Rush!

The California Gold Rush started on Jan. 24, 1848. It started before California became a state . . . but when people discovered gold there a lot of people from the east rushed over there so they could get land and become wealthy at the same time! The place of California that the most gold was found was in, as we know today, Coloma, California. The news spread around really fast that there was gold and soon over 300,000 people rushed over to get the gold! Some people over seas herd about the gold and arrived afterwards to clam some gold too. People came on ships and in covered wagons.


Most people that came were Americans but the gold attracted many Europeans, Australians and Asians. When people got there they would find gold in rivers and on their banks but then it started to disappear and people had to start mining. Most people who went to California settled there, but some people took a trip there and got their gold but when they returned to their families they had about the same amount that they had when they left. Also San Fransisco was a small town before the gold rush happened and it became the size and the popularity that it is today because of the gold rush!


Dani/Gabby franks design team

Racial segregation

Racial segregation is characterized by separation of different races in daily life, such as eating in a restaurant, drinking from a water fountain, using a rest room, attending school, going to the movies, or in the rental or purchase of a home. Segregation may be mandated by law or exist through social norms. Segregation may be maintained by means ranging from discrimination in hiring and in the rental and sale of housing to certain races to vigilante violence such as lynching; a situation that arises when members of different races mutually prefer to associate and do business with members of their own race this is a picture of segregated seating/waiting areas at a train station. this comes to show that segregation was not only in restaurants, neighborhoods,and school. It was every where


This is the level of segregation modernly it is alot higher than we expected. the results are massive. To us this showed how even in this modern, free country we live in, there is still many segregated areas.


This is a picture ky and I found we both was a very interesting statement. What if schools were segregated this way. Between rich and poor. what is the difference as well. Black and White, poor and rich. Those are both things that people cannot change easily. I think it also shows how fullish of an idea of segregation is. dividing people on how they look, their appearance. not their personality.

This is a picture of Fredrick Douglass. he was an American abolitionist. many African Americans looked up to him as a leader and influence. He is one of the most promoted figures in African American history. He was a firm believer in equal rights for all people. Including, black, female, native American and recent immigrant. He believed in no segregation. One of his many spoken quotes was; "I would unite with anybody to do right and with nobody to do wrong."

Ilan’s artist statement

Ky and I chose segregation for our topic we researched. Not only were there segregated restaurants and waiting rooms but also sometimes, whole towns were segregated. We wanted to choose a quilt piece that would sum up judging people by the color of their skin and not their personality. So our final quilt piece ended up looking exactly how we wanted to represent our topic. On the right side of the quilt square there is a white square and in it’s shadow there are three colors. Which are bigger then the plain shade of white. Next to the white square there is a human who can only see the white. On the other side it is a black square. And behind hind it, the same colors behind the whiter square. With a small person in front of the black square unable to see anyone else. The black and white represents the different races, white and other. The colors behind them represent the fact the appearance of some one is always the first thing you see. It will take time to really know them. The colors are the same on both side to show even with a different race two different looking people can be very much a like and have a lot of things in common. The small person in front of the plain colored square represents the fact people normally only see the appearance of the person. Until they take time to move behind the skin color. The flame in the middle represented there is the flame dividing then two races, segregation between the two.



Segregation destroyed any relationship that white people had with black people. Because of it, black people did not have the same rights as white people. They were not allowed to do many of the things that white people had the rights to do. Black people were treated as second class citizens and were discriminated against and mistreated by whites. The picture to the left is of a black school. It tells us how many things had to do differently.



Ky's Artist statement

The quilt piece contains of a flame heading down the middle of the square which represents the segregation and separation between white and black people. On the one side of the piece is a tiny figure of a person and a black square which is all the black people, then behind the square is a shadow of colors. Red, green, and blue. The other side consists of the same things: a figure, square, and a shadow of colors. This time the square is white which represents all the white people. The color behind is still the same which means that, just because we look different or have different skin colors , doesn't mean we can't think or feel the same way.

Ky and Ilan
frank's design team

Black Congressmen (Erin & Jordan)

This is a photograph of the Capitol building around our time period and the congress resides completely in this building

This is Hiram Rhodes Revels the first black in congress. He represented Mississippi in Senate.(1870-1871)He did not serve a full term.

This is a painting of Blanche Kelso Bruce the second black in congress and the last in the time period we are looking at in class (1849-1900). Blanche Bruce represented Mississippi and was the first to serve a full term in the Senate. from 1875-1881 Bruce held his seat.

this picture is of John Willis Menard the first black man to be elected to congress in 1868 to represent Louisiana. He later lost his set in an election challenged by the loser.

This is a photograph of Joseph Hayne Rainey who was the first person to serve in the U.S. House of Representatives (but not the first to be elected. That was John W. Menard). He served in the Senate for South Carolina in 1870 before taking the seat of Benjamin F. Whittlemore, who was censored because of corruption. The first day Rainey was part of the house was December12,1870 and was reelected four times his last day in the house was March3,1879.

ONLY 5 African American people Have been in the Senate

There were 21 black Representatives between 1868 and 1900